1. INTRODUCTION
Concrete has been used since Roman times for the development of
infrastructure and housing, but its basic components have remained the same.
Three ingredients make up the dry mix: coarse aggregate, consisting of larger
pieces of material like stones or gravel; fine aggregate, made up of smaller
particles such as sand; and cement, a very fine powder material that binds the
mix together when water is added.
Just a few decades ago concrete was often misunderstood, disliked
and captured by its image fixed due to the rapid urbanization of the 1960s. But
since that time, concrete has made considerable progress, not only in technical
terms, but also in aesthetic terms.
It is no longer the heavy, cold and grey material of the past; it
has become beautiful and lively. By research and innovation, newly developed
concrete has been created which is more resistant, lighter, white or colored,
etc. Concrete has learned to adapt to almost all new challenges that appeared.
In 2001, the concept of transparent concrete was first put forward by Hungarian
architect Aron Losonzi at the Technical University of Budapest, and the first
transparent concrete block was successfully produced by mixing large amount of
glass fiber into concrete in 2003, named as LiTraCon. The transparent concrete
mainly focuses on transparency and its objective of application pertains to
green technology and artistic finish. It is the “combination of optical fibers
and fine concrete”. At present, green structures focus greatly on saving energy
with indoor thermal systems. Therefore it is imperative to develop a new
functional material to satisfy the structure in terms of safety monitoring
(such as damage detection, fire warning), environmental protection and energy
saving and artistic modeling.
Due to globalization and construction of high-rise building, the
space between buildings is reduced; this causes to increasing the use of non-
renewable energy sources, so therefore there is a need of smart construction
technique like green building and indoor thermal system.
Translucent concrete (Transparent concrete) is new technique
different from normal concrete. Translucent concrete allow more light and less
weight compared to normal concrete. The use of sunlight source of light instead
of using electrical energy is main purpose of translucent concrete, so as to
reduce the load on non- renewable sources and result it into the energy saving.
Optical fibers is a sensing or transmission element, so decrease the use of
artificial light, the normal concrete is replaced by translucent concrete,
which has natural lighting and art design.
Table 1. Properties of Transparent Concrete Blocks By Litracon
Company
2. INGRIEDIENTS OF TRANSPARENT CONCRETE
· Cement
Cement is a binder, a substance that sets and hardens as the cement
dries and also reacts with carbon dioxide in the air dependently, and can bind
other materials together. Portland cement is the most common type of cement in
general use around the world, used as a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar,
stucco, and most nonspecialty grout. The OPC was classified into three grades
namely, 33 grade, 43 grade and 53 grade depending upon the strength of the
cement at 28 days when tested as per IS 4031-1988. The cement used in this
experimental works is “Koromandal King 53 Grade Ordinary Portland Cement”. The
specific gravity of cement was 3.14. The initial and final setting times were
found as 51 minutes and 546 minutes respectively. Standard consistency of
cement was 40%.
· Fine aggregate:
Fine aggregate is the inert or chemically inactive material, most
of which passes through a 4.75 mm IS sieve and contains not more than 5 per
cent coarser material. The specific gravity 2.75 and fineness modulus of 2.80
were used as fine aggregate. The loose and compacted bulk Density values of
sand are1600 and 1688 kg/m3 respectively, the water absorption of 1.1%.
The fine aggregates serve the purpose of filling all the open
spaces in between the coarse particles. Thus, it reduces the porosity of the
final mass and considerably increases its strength. Usually, natural river sand
is used as a fine aggregate. However, at places, where natural sand is not
available economically, finely crushed stone may be used as a fine aggregate.
· Coarse aggregate:
Crush granite aggregate available from local sources has been
used. The coarse aggregate with maximum size of 10mm having the specific
gravity value of 2.6 and fineness modulus of 5.60 were used as a coarse
aggregate. The loose and compacted bulk density values of coarse aggregate are
1437 and 1556 kg/m3 respectively, the water absorption of 0.4%.
· Optical
Fibers Elements:
Core - The thin glass center of the
fiber where the light travels is called core.
Cladding - The outer optical material surrounding the core that reflects
the light back into the core. To confine the reflection in the core, the
refractive index of the core must be greater than that of the cladding.
Buffer Coating – This is the Plastic coating that protects the fiber
from damage and moisture.
Fig 2.1 Elements of a optical fibre
· Water: Water should be free from acids, oils, alkalies
vegetables or other organic impurities. Soft waters also produce weaker
concrete. Water has two functions in a concrete mix. Firstly, it reacts
chemically with the cement to form the cement paste in which the inert
aggregates are held in suspension until the cement paste has hardened.
Secondly, it serves as a lubricant in the mixture of fine aggregates and cement
3. OPTICAL FIBERS
Optical fiber is a wave guide, made of transparent dielectric
(glass or plastics) in cylindrical form through which light is transmitted by
total internal reflection. It guides light waves to travel over long distances
without much loss of energy. Optical fiber consists of an inner cylinder made
of glass or plastic called core of very high refractive index. The core is
surrounded by a cylindrical shell of glass or plastic of lower refractive index
called cladding. The cladding is covered by a jacket which protects the fiber
from moisture and abrasion.
3.1. Types of Optical Fibers
Based on the refractive index profile and the number of modes,
optical fibers are divided into three types. They are:
Ø Step index single mode fiber
Ø Step index multimode fiber
Ø Graded index multimode fiber
A step index single mode fiber may have very small core diameter
(i.e. 5- 10µm). Due to its small core diameter, only a single mode of light ray
transmission is possible. About 80% of the fibers that are manufactured in the
world today are of this type.
Fig 3.1 Step index single mode fiber
A step index multimode fiber has a core diameter of 50 to 200µm
and an external diameter of cladding 125 to 300µm. Since the core material is
of uniform refractive index and the cladding material of lesser refractive
index than that of core, there is a sudden increase in the value of refractive
index from cladding to core. Since the core has larger diameter, propagation of
many modes within the fiber is allowed.
Fig 3.2 Step index multimode fiber
In a graded index multimode fiber, the refractive index of the
core is maximum at the axis of the fiber and it gradually decreases towards the
cladding. Since there is a gradual decrease in the refractive index of the core
the modal dispersion can be minimized.
Fig 3.3 Graded index multimode fibre
3.2. Total Internal Reflection In A Fiber
The principle behind the transmission of light waves in an optical
fiber is total internal reflection. The total internal reflection in the walls
of the fiber can occur only by the following two conditions:
i. The glass around the centre of the fiber (core) should have higher
refractive index (n1) than that of the material (cladding) surrounding the
fiber (n2).
ii. The light should incident at an angle (between the path of the ray
and normal to the fiber wall) greater than the critical angle, θc.
Fig 3.4 Total internal reflection
4. MANUFACTURING OF TRANSPARENT CONCRETE
Preparation of mould: In the process of making light transmitting concrete, the first
step involved is preparation of mould. The mould required for the prototype can
be made with different materials which can be of either tin or wood. In the
mould preparation, it is important to fix the basic dimensions of mould. The
standard minimum size of the cube according to IS 456-2000 is 15cmx15cmx15cm
for concrete. In the mould, markings are made exactly according to the size of
the cube so that the perforated plates can be used. Plates made of sheets which
are used in electrical switch boards is used which will be helpful in making
perforations and give a smooth texture to the mould, holes are drilled in to
the plates as shown in Fig. 4.1 The diameter of the holes and number of holes
mainly depends on percentage of fiber used.
Fig. 4.1 Preparation of mould
Procedure of making translucent panel:
Step 1-Preparation of the Mould:
A mould of rectangular cross section of size
150mm*150mm*150mm is made with wood or steel. Make the required size of
rectangular mould from wood or tin. Place the clay or mud in the sides where
the optical fibers are exposed to the mould for the easy demoulding after the
concreting.
Fig. 4.2 Preparation of panel.
Step 2- Optical Fiber:
The optical fibers are cut carefully to the
required size of mould. The commonly available diameters of optical fibers are
.25 mm, .5 mm, .75 mm, 1 mm, and 2 mm.
Fig.4.3 Optical Fibers
Step 3- Fixing the Fibers:
Fibers are placed either in organic
distribution or in layered distribution. Holes are driven on the wooden or
steel plates through which optical fibers are allowed to pass through.
Fig. 4.4 Fixing of fibers.
Step 4- Concreting:
The thoroughly mixed concrete is poured
carefully and slowly without causing much disturbances to the previously laid
optical fibers. The concrete is filled in smaller or thinner layers and is
agitated with the help of vibrating tables to avoid the void formation.
Mix proportion:
In present work Indian standard method (IS
10262-2009) is used for mix design, mix proportion are as table 4.1.
Table 4.1 Mix proportion used for testing
Step 5- Removing the Mould:
After 24 hrs, remove the mould and pull off
the mud. The casted mould was kept undisturbed on the leveled platform. Then it
was de-moulded carefully after 24 hours from casting. Immediately after
de-moulding, the cube specimens were marked by their respective identification
mark/numbers (ID).
Step 6- Cutting and polishing:
Cut the extra-long fibers same as thickness
of panel. Polish the panel surface by using polishing paper or using sand paper
as shown in figure 4.5
Fig 4.5 Trimming and polishing of the surface
5. TESTS CONDUCTED ON TRANSPARENT CONCRETE
Several experiments were conducted on
transparent concrete tostudy about its various properties. They are as follows:
5.1. EVALUATION METHOD OF
LIGHT GUIDING OF SMART TRANSPARENT CONCRETE
The following are the factors to be
considered for the performance of the transparency of the concrete:
(A)Transmittance (B)Haze (C)Bi-fringence
(D)Refractive index. (E)Dispersion
The transmittance can be directly calculated by the ratio of the
incident energy and transmission energy of light expressed as following
equation:
.....
(1)
where ρ, ξ, J1 and J2 are transmittance,
correction coefficient of measurement equipment, transmission energy and
incident energy, respectively. While the translucent concrete studied by us is
heterogeneous, its transmittance cannot be obtained by equation (1), because
the number of POFs in unit area is different at different area, that is, the
transmittance in unit is related to the arrangement of POF in translucent
concrete. The POFs can be arranged either in organic distribution or in layered
distribution.
Improvement in the calculation method for
transmittance is as follows.
a) Incident light energy per unit area (ρ0):
........
(2)
where W0
and A0 are light energy of incident probe
and area of incident probe
b) Incident total energy of concrete section at the
side of light (JSO ):
.......(3)
where A1 is the cross-section area of
translucent concrete.
c) Transmitted light energy of single POF (ρ1):
.........(4)
where W1 and n1 are light energy of
transmission probe and the number of POFs covered by transmission probe.
d) Transmitted light energy of translucent concrete (JS1):
.........
(5)
where N is the total number of POFs in the
translucent concrete.
Then based on equation (3) and (5), we can obtain the
transmittance (ρs) of the translucent concrete.
5.2. LIGHT GUIDING EXPERIMENT OF
TRASPARENT CONCRETE
In order to study the light guiding property
of translucent concrete, six units of translucent concrete is fabricated with different
POF volume ratios of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5% and 6%, and the diameters of POF is
1mm. The transmittance is measured by the Optical Power Meter and its
wavelength range is 400-1100nm. The incandescent lamp with 200W and halogen
lamp with 500W are chosen to provide light. To eliminate the measuring
dispersion of transmittance caused by the discrepancy of POFs’ position and the
material, three areas (denoted as 1, 2 and 3) in the middle part of translucent
concrete are chosen to test shown as figure below, and the number of POFs in
each chosen area shall be equal. The number of the POFs is covered by
transmission probe or integral sphere are 2 for 1% POF volume ratio, 4 for 2%
POF volume ratio, 5 for 3% POF volume ratio, 7 for 4% POF volume ratio, 3 for
5% POF volume ratio and 9 for 6% POF volume ratio respectively. The incident
light energy and transmission light energy are read simultaneously at each
step.
Fig: 5.1 Optical Power Meter Fig:5.2 Measuring area of the optical fibers
5.3. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
By definition, the compressive strength of a
material is that value of uniaxial compressive stress reached when the material
fails completely. The compressive strength is usually obtained experimentally
by means of a compressive test. The compressive strength of the concrete is
determined by cast the cubes of size 150mm x150mm x 150mm.
Compressive strength = load / area (6)
5.4. FLEXURAL STRENGTH
The flexural strength of the concrete is
determined by conducting the test on prism by two point loading.
Flexural strength = PL/bd2 (7)
where, P – Load, L – Length of the specimen,
b - width of the prism, d – depth of the prism
5.5. TEST OF MECHANICAL
PROPERTY OF TRANSLUCENT CONCRETE BY FREEZING TEST
In this test, the POF volume ratios of translucent
concretes chosen for test are 0% (or plain concrete), 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5% and
6%. After 25 freeze-thaw cycle test, the mechanical properties of translucent
concrete are evaluated by the compressive strength loss rate (Pf), expressed as
follows.
.....
(8)
where fc0
and fcn are compressive
strength before and after freeze-thawing test.
Fig 5.1 Methodology of freezing- thaw test
6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
6.1. LIGHT GUIDING PROPERTY:
(Source: SOUMYAJIT PAUL, AVIK DUTTA
Transparent Concrete International Journal of Scientific and Research
Publications, Volume 3, Issue 10, October 2013 1 ISSN 2250-3153)
Figure 6.1.1(a) and figure 6.1.1(b) show the
light guiding property of translucent concrete with the POF volume ratio of 1%,
2%, 3%, 4%, 5% and 6% by using the halogen lamp and incandescent lamp,
respectively. It can be seen that the transmittance of each type of translucent
concrete almost keeps stable at whole wavelength, and the linear relationship
between the POF volume ratio and its transmittance is good.
Fig 6.1.1 (a): Transmittance Fig 6.1.1(b): Relationship b/w POF volume and Transmittance
For the halogen lamp, the transmittances of the six ratio translucent concrete
are 0.29%、 0.59%、 0.98%、 1.41%、 1.83% and 2.36%; for the incandescent lamp, the corresponding
transmittances are 0.41%、 0.82%、 1.22%、 1.72%、 2.15% and 2.59%, respectively. The discrepancy of transmittance
induced by different lamp is that the light scattering’s angle of the chosen
lamp is different, and the POFs absorb much light scattered by incandescent
lamp than that by halogen lamp.
Fig 6.1.2 (a): Transmittance
Fig 6.1.2(b): Relationship b/w POF volume and Transmittance
Furthermore,
it is worthily of note that the large the POF volume ratio is, the large the
transmittance is. In fact, the POF volume ratio and the corresponding
transmittance are just like a sword with both edges. We cannot only pay
attention to the high transmittance, for the POF inevitable affects the
concrete strength. In the following experimental results, it can be seen that
POF will reduce the concrete strength.
6.2. MECHANICAL PROPERTY OF TRANSLUCENT CONCRETE AT FREEZE-THAW
From
figure 6.2.1, it can be seen that the mass of translucent concretes almost are
unchanged in 25times freezing and thawing cycle and the maximum loss rate of
mass is about 0.4%. Figure 6.2.2 shows the compressive strengthen of
translucent concretes with freeze-thaw or not. It can be seen that the
compressive strength of each type of translucent concrete have greatly
decreased after 25times freeze-thaw cycle, and the maximum loss rate of
compressive strength is about 42% comparison with that without bearing the
function of freeze-thaw for the same type of concrete. It can be seen that the
larger the POF volume ratio is, the smaller the compressive strengthen of the
translucent concrete is. So we cannot endless increase the transmittance by way
of increasing the POF volume ratio. One point to be mention, the compressive
strengthen of the plain concrete (or the translucent concrete with 0% POF
volume ratio) is smaller than that of the accustomed plain concrete. The reason
is that we consider the fabrication method of the translucent concrete and
ignore the normal mix proportion of cement mortar at pre-test. To improve the
compressive strength of the translucent concrete, one solution is that the
translucent concrete can be produced by some special high strength concrete,
which can reduce the impact of the POF to the concrete’s compressive strength.
Fig 6.2.1: Loss rate of
concrete mass at each freeze thawing
Fig 6.2.2: Compressive
strength of concrete block with freeze-thaw
6.3. COMPRESIVE STRENGTH
The
compressive strength for concrete cubes with and without Optical fibers has
been calculated for3, 7and 28 days. From the test results, it is observed that
compressive strength for 3, 7 and 28 day with Optical fibers is 8.82 N/mm2,11.45
N/mm2 and 21.10N/mm2 respectively. That for Conventional concrete is 9.56 N/2,
13.02 N/mm2 and 23.24 N/mm2 respectively.
6.4. FLEXURE STRENGTH
The
flexural strength of the conventional concrete and light transmitting concrete
in 7, 14 and 28 days is shown in Fig 6.4.1
Fig 6.4.1 Flexural strength of
concrete
7. APPLICATIONS
A. Illuminate Your Walls
Transparent
Concrete can be used as building material for interior and exterior walls. If
sunshine illuminates the wall structure, then eastern or western placement is
recommended; the rays of the rising or setting sun will hit the optical glass
fibers in a lower angle and the intensity of the light will be bigger. Besides
the traditional applications of a wall, the light transmitting concrete can
also be used as wall covering illuminated from the back.
Fig 7.1 Translucent Wall for
Architectural View
B. Pavement Shine at Sunset
This concrete can be used as
flooring a passable surface illuminated from below. During the day it looks
like typical concrete pavement but at sunset the paving blocks begin to shine
and in different colors.
C. Creative Design
The building units are versatile
and can be used in many areas of design. Two successful designs using the light
transmitting concrete were a jewel and a concrete bench. You can also create a
logo with colorful figures, inscriptions, and pictures and can used for
beautification purpose.
D. Artsy Reception Desk
If you really want to create a
look that stands out, you should opt for this artsy and vogue reception desk
where light up in the front and the sides.
E. A Lighting fixture and
Conversational Piece
The transparent concrete cube
is, without a doubt, a great conversation piece. The new cube line consists of
four identical pieces of concrete and, due to its special geometry; the pieces
form a stable structure without fixing them together.
It can be also applicable at:
· Transparent concrete blocks
suitable for floors, pavements and load-bearing walls.
· Facades, interior wall cladding and dividing walls based on thin
panels.
· Partitions wall and it can be used where the sunlight does not
reach properly.
· In furniture for the decorative and aesthetic purpose.
· Light fixtures.
· Light sidewalks at night.
· Increasing visibility in dark subway stations
· Lighting indoor fire escapes in the event of a power failure.
· Illuminating speed bumps on roadways at night.
8. A CASE STUDY ON TRANSPARENT CONCRETE
Transparent
concrete is a pretty rare sight. Not many people have a particular idea about
this nor its applications and advantages. The largest project exhibiting this
technology is an artistic installation, called the "European
Gate"(2004) which was designed to mark the celebration of Hungary joining
the European Union (EU). Located at the public entrance of Fortress Monostor in
the Hungarian town of Komarom, this is one of the most impressive pieces of art
conjugating visual lighting display as well as artistic using translucent
concrete. The sun illuminates the 37.6 ft2 large Litracon piece of
the statue in the mornings and late afternoons, and by night an even more
impressive view can be seen because of the embedded light sources. One of the
first projects to be ever made in a major way is this road during the day the
blocks appear as concrete pavement, but at sunset they start to shine thanks to
the light sources placed under then. A ringed light pattern took shape around the
main square as dark came. More of the uses or applications include partitions
or partition walls in office cabins or in houses, and attractive furniture, and
intelligent light fixtures, lighting in dark subway stations.
The
Italian pavilion at the Shanghai World Expo 2010 also uses the light
transmitting concrete in the building. The transparent blocks of concrete were
interspersed with opaque blocks to create a seamless façade that allows
diffused light in at certain areas and emanates a glow at night.
There
aren't many manufacturers of translucent concrete. There are very few of them,
namely LitraCon, Lucon and Lucem Lichbeton. By using fibers of different diameters,
Litracon™ designers can achieve different illumination effects. An article in
the New York Times suggested that the concrete would be very expensive because
of its optic fiber content, so the uses were very small in size but quite
amazing to the eye. Some examples of the product are the following: On the
performance side, it's simply a concrete embedded with optical fibers running
in a matrix while still retaining the strength of concrete. Therefore it still
retains the high density top layer. It is also frost and de-icing salt
resistant, making it highly recommendable in cold countries. Similarly, it is
under fire protection classification A2 and provides very high UV resistance.
Fig 8.1 Transparent concrete
on Italian Pavilion
9. ADVANTAGES
· The main advantage of these
products is that on large scale objects the texture is still visible - while
the texture of finer translucent concrete becomes indistinct at distance.
· When a solid wall is imbued with the ability to transmit light,
it means that a home can use fewer lights in their house during daylight hours.
· It has very good architectural properties for giving good
aesthetical view to the building.
· Where light is not able to come properly at that place transparent
concrete can be used.
· Energy saving can be done by utilization of transparent concrete
in building.
· Totally environment friendly because of its light transmitting
characteristics, so energy consumption can be reduced.
10. DISADVANTAGES
· The main disadvantage is
these concrete is very costly because of the optical fibers.
· Casting of transparent concrete block is difficult for the labour
so special skilled person is required.
11. CONCLUSION
A novel
architectural material called transparent concrete can be developed by adding
optical fiber or large diameter glass fiber in the concrete mixture. The
transparent concrete has good light guiding property and the ratio of optical
fiber volume to concrete is proportional to transmission. The transparent
concrete does not loose the strength parameter when compared to regular
concrete and also it has very vital property for the aesthetical point of view.
It can be used for the best architectural appearance of the building. It can
also be used in areas, where the natural light cannot reach with appropriate
intensity. This new kind of building material can integrate the concept of
green energy saving with the usage selfsensing properties of functional materials.
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